As the chief architect of China Construction International Design Consultancy Co., Ltd., “Water Cube†is undoubtedly the most beautiful work worthy of showing off in Zheng Fang’s design career. In more than four years of design and construction, this world's most advanced polyhedral space steel frame structure technology, the world's largest, most complex structure, the most comprehensive membrane structure installation engineering and the most advanced environmental protection and energy saving technology is equal to The Olympic venues, the design team composed by Zheng Fang and colleagues experienced an insurmountable and difficult breakthrough, and finally turned the design concept of “water house full of bubbles†into the “water cubeâ€.
At the festive moment of the completion of the "Water Cube" today, Zheng Fang walked into the evening newspaper dialogue room and revealed to the readers of the evening newspaper the secrets of this crystal-clear "water house" that was unknown.
Evening News: Why is the final scale of the “Water Cube†smaller than it was originally designed?
Zheng Fang: At the time of design, the size of the original "Water Cube" was 194 meters long and 35 meters high. Later, considering the factors of saving construction cost, controlling the scale of the building and reducing internal energy consumption, the designers The plan was reduced, and the length and width of the Water Cube was finally determined to be 177 meters, while the height was reduced to 31 meters.
Evening News: The appearance of the “Water Cube†looks like some transparent soap bubbles stacked together. What kind of new material is used?
Zheng Fang: More than 3,000 irregular bubbles that make up the "Water Cube" skin are air pillows made of a new environmentally friendly energy-saving material, tetrafluoroethylene film (ETFE). The air pillows composed of these two inner and outer films are not the size. First, the shape is different, the largest is about 9 square meters, and the smallest is less than 1 square meter.
Thirty years ago, ETFE film was first put into use as an aviation material, and was later adopted as a building material by the Allianz Arena in Munich and the Garden of Eden in the UK. Although its thickness is only 0.2 mm, the ETFE film has good ductility and pressure resistance. The 1 meter long film can be stretched to 3.5 meters long and has a melting point of 275 degrees Celsius. Therefore, it is called "plastic king".
The “Water Cube†uses a total of 110,000 square meters of ETFE film, which is the largest ETFE film building in the world. At present, a factory has been set up in Shunyi. The cost of the domestic ETFE film is not as expensive as people think, probably just like the glass curtain wall.
Evening News: Can the Water Cube, which uses new materials, be more energy efficient?
Zheng Fang: The sun passes through the transparent ETFE film on the surface of the “Water Cubeâ€, which can be used directly to heat the water in the swimming pool and the temperature in the room, making the “Water Cube†overall energy saving about 9%. However, although this special energy saving aspect is particularly suitable for the “Water Cubeâ€, it is not necessarily suitable for other Olympic venues.
Evening News: How to solve the problem of internal fog and condensation in the completely sealed “Water Cube�
Zheng Fang: As the “Water Cube†of the swimming pool, how to ensure that the room is not foggy or condensation is the primary problem. In the event that the diving athlete is about to start the game, a drop of water drops suddenly on the roof of the athlete, which can easily affect the athlete's performance and performance.
Through calculation, the heat transfer coefficient of the ETFE membrane building envelope is much smaller than that of the high-grade glass curtain wall, which provides conditions for the pool to prevent condensation. Together with the 8 natural vents under the roof, the air conditioning and ventilation system of the envelope structure and the simple and practical means of water cover, the water cube is maintained at a temperature of 28 degrees Celsius. There is no need to worry about condensation.
Evening News: How to ensure natural ventilation in closed indoor venues?
Zheng Fang: On the roof of the “Water Cubeâ€, a natural exhaust fan is installed, and 8 natural vents can realize the air circulation inside and outside the hall, so that the heat in the building space can be dissipated, natural ventilation can be realized, and 17,000 people can be watched. When the ventilation problem. In addition, there is a separate air outlet at the rear of each seat of the auditorium. Even if the two neighbors are sprayed with different fragrances, don't worry about stringing.
In addition, the wall of the "Water Cube" is divided into two layers inside and outside. There is a distance of about two meters between the steel frame and the air pillow. When the air pillows of the inner and outer walls are all installed, the middle interlayer forms a closed space. The fresh air flows inside to regulate the temperature, which can solve the summer heat problem. When the temperature reaches a certain height, the wall sandwich will be automatically ventilated, so that some of the heat will be taken away. After accurate calculations, ventilation is best at 40 degrees Celsius and is the most energy efficient.
Evening News: What is the service life of the ETFE film?
Zheng Fang: From the current situation of other foreign construction applications, the service life of ETFE membrane is at least 30 years, and the maintenance is very simple. It only needs to be washed with clean water to recover as new. The walls of general buildings should be repainted every few years to ensure bright and clean, compared to the membrane structure cleaning and maintenance is much more trouble-free.
Evening News: How does the surface of the "Water Cube" change in the night with colorful and different brilliance?
Zheng Fang: Because the film used in the outer wall air pillow of the "Water Cube" is a new material similar to plastic, the designers are very worried that the final appearance will be an ugly "plastic greenhouse". Later, the designers installed independently controlled LED lights between each air pillow and two layers of the “Water Cube†exterior wall. These lamps have a lifespan not only 10 times that of ordinary light bulbs, but also can change various kinds. The colors are combined into various patterns, and the "water cube" of discoloration appears unpredictable and radiant at night.
Evening News: Why do designers say that the "Water Cube" is an expression building?
Zheng Fang: The ETFE film itself can reflect the natural light from the outside world, and it will show different colors under different natural light. For example, on a sunny day, the “Water Cube†will look blue. When the sun sets, it turns yellow again, and on a cloudy day it turns gray. This kind of change with the weather is like a human expression.
Evening News: "Water Cube" has some silver dots on the outer film surface. What is the use?
Zheng Fang: "Water Cube" ETFE outer film is distributed with density and fingernail size plating points, mainly used to control the transparency of the film. These plating points are like small parasols that isolate and reflect light, blocking the glare and excess heat from the venue. The north wall has little sun load, and the density of the plating points is relatively loose, giving a transparent feeling. In the west and east, the plating point will be relatively dense due to the strong sunlight. Through the climatic data and precise calculations of Beijing in the past 30 years, it is finally determined that the plating area of ​​the main part on the south façade is below 50%, and the west façade is about 60%, so that the entire west façade can block more than 70%. Solar energy comes inside the building.
Evening News: How does the “Water Cube†save water and water for the problem of large water consumption in swimming venues?
Zheng Fang: The "Water Cube" is divided into a swimming pool, a diving pool and a warm-up pool. The three huge pools add up to almost 10,000 cubic meters of water, which does not include the multi-purpose pool that is not used during the competition. The water used in the club pool after the game and the water pool outside the "Water Cube", so the total water consumption is not as large. In addition to relying on municipal water supply, the “Water Cube†has also designed a rainwater reuse system and a water reuse system to ensure that more than 99% of the water resources can be recycled.
The water of the “Water Cube†adopts the sand filter-ozone-activated carbon water purification process, all of which are disinfected by ozone. This disinfection method can effectively remove the odor of the pool water and eliminate the stimulation of the pool water to the human body. The pool water that has been sterilized in this way has even reached the standard of direct drinking.
The “Water Cube†also designed a rainwater collection system on the roof to allow the rainwater to be collected in the central savings pool of the “Water Cube†South Square. After disinfection, it will supply air conditioning cooling water to fill the water and wash the outdoor landscape water such as the stadium. The annual collection of 10,000 tons of rainwater resources is equivalent to one year's water consumption of 100 Beijing residents. In addition, the wastewater from the athletes after the “Water Cube†bath, the wastewater discharged after the swimming pool circulation purification, etc., after biological contact oxidation, filtration and activated carbon adsorption and disinfection, can be used for toilets in the venue, ground washing and outdoor green irrigation. It can save more than 40,000 tons of water.
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