Yu Jing (a pseudonym) is a sign language interpreter. Her mother was paralyzed by a single injection of gentamycin when she was a child, but her own hearing ability was maintained. Yu Jing has a good sister. The situation is just the opposite. Her mother has normal hearing and she became a hearing-impaired patient after a drug injection in her childhood.
Last year, they all participated in a genetic screening of a high-risk group in Beijing. As a result, both were carriers of the cariogenic gene. It was only because Yu Jing had been conscious of avoiding the injection of a drug, but her good sister had Ignorant use of this medicine has led to two people moving towards a totally different life.
Zhao Zhixian, director of Biochip Biotechnology Marketing, told reporters, "Yan Jing's mother and her sister-in-law had no deafness at birth, and they were all injected with streptomycin, gentamycin and other aminoglycosides. "Thank you." Each year, there are more than 30,000 new patients in China due to delayed deafness and drug deafness, 60% of which are due to deafness genes.
In fact, many doctors know that these drugs cause deafness caused by genetic mutations, but it took 3 days to rely on traditional gene sequencing methods, and it was expensive. As a bearer of the Beijing Genome genetic screening, Boao Bio used a new deafness gene chip detection technology. “This chip covers 9 mutations that cause the most common deafness in Chinese population. In order to do a test, it only takes 5 hours and the price is a few hundred yuan," said Zhao Zhixian.
Genes have been “mysteriously acting†in our bodies for a long time. Regardless of whether you know or don’t understand, believe or not, it can lead to completely different results and even life. Humans desperately want to decode their own genes. Several of the predictions about the next 10 technology trends are also related to genetic technology.
The deafness chip is the most common application of the current gene chip. The so-called gene detection chip has the same shape as the electronic chip, but the above array is not an integrated circuit but a gene sequence. It integrates nucleic acid fragment recognition probes of a large number of known gene sequences on the surface of a piece of nail-sized glass or silicon wafer. By reacting with the sample, the gene will present different expression signals, and signal data will be collected by computer technology. Genetic mutations in the sample are used to diagnose genetic diseases. Although gene chips were successfully introduced as early as the end of the 20th century and used for drug screening and laboratory research, ordinary people still know little about it.
"A fishing rod with tens of thousands of fishing hooks"
If the previous gene detection technology had only one "fish hook", only one fish (a gene) could be caught at a time. Then, the gene chip is like a fishing rod with tens of thousands of fishing hooks, which can capture many different fish at the same time, thus achieving simultaneous detection and identification of millions of genes. It features high efficiency, high throughput, fast and easy. Zhao Zhixian said that the deafness chip can provide genetic testing from preconception, prenatal to birth, "only need to take a drop of sample from the mother's amniotic fluid, or a drop of blood can complete the entire test." It can help fertility parents in time to learn about new life. Genetic information and take measures to reduce newborns suffering from genetic diseases.
The gene chip will change the "one person, one formula," the use of drugs in the personalized formula, the future of Western medicine and Chinese medicine may have the same goal. At present, doctors prescribe basic prescriptions for patients with the same type of illness. In fact, individual differences in people directly affect the efficacy of medication, and the amount of medication should also be different.
The human genome encodes about 100,000 different genes, and there are tens of thousands of sites in one gene. "Most chronic diseases are associated with several or more mutations in dozens of genes. Gene chips can classify genes." , and as far as possible to find out the relevant sites, to find out which genes and sites for the prognosis of good expression, which is not well expressed, and then provide personalized treatment based on the results of the comparison. A returnee entrepreneur working on genetic testing chips explained.
“The most difficult place for tuberculosis is its high drug resistance. It takes 4 to 8 weeks for genetic resistance to be checked. During this period, most treatments are empirical drugs. If resistance develops, it will not cure the disease but will aggravate it. The condition and delay of treatment. The tuberculosis detection chip shortened the testing time to 6 hours, and won the opportunity for treatment.†Zhao Zhixian made a case study with concrete examples.
The biggest change that the gene chip brings to Western medicine is that it can detect individual differences between patients, allowing doctors to diagnose and use drugs more timely and improve accuracy, but this needs to be based on a large number of scientific research, and genetic screening It will take time for the search to show results.
Although the current gene chip technology is not yet fully mature, it can not stop its commercial pace. In some domestic hospitals or medical examination agencies, you can now see advertisements like this: With just a drop of blood or a sample of saliva, you can predict if you will develop cancer and keep your health in your hands. In the United States, more and more retailers have begun to provide genetic diagnostic tests directly to consumers through the Internet. Their slogan is that they can understand their health status at the genetic level without the help of a doctor. This test has even begun to target the international market through the Internet.
In general, consumers can get a list of their own genetic, traits, and risk grades for potential illnesses as long as they make a payment. They also include a personal medication advice and general health advice on life, diet, and the environment, such as dieting and Sports etc. Domestic prices range from 2 to 30,000 yuan.
Gene chip "pipe" and "put"
So, how reliable is this genetic diagnosis? Biotechnology Biotechnology gives a set of standards from a technical perspective. Gene chip technology must be based on the relationship between a large number of known genes and genetic alterations and diseases. Therefore, the number of disease-related genes that should be detected should be as large as possible, and an unusually large database of genes and diseases must be established. There is a set of scientific mathematical models. Also, genetic testing has a certain racial relevance. "That is to say, if the database of different people is different, the test results will be different," said Zhao Zhixian.
A group of four American bioethics, law, and medical experts conducted a study on whether the gene test was applicable to the market. They said that genetic testing must be conducted through the same type of preliminary investigation of centralized data markets. Many genetic testing companies have provided long-term prediction results. In fact, it takes several decades to fully understand these risks and benefits.
The three major problems of gene chips are: “The relationship between genetic changes and diseases cannot be one to one. The results of all genetic tests do not necessarily occur. Similarly, even if you detect the presence of deafness genes, it does not necessarily mean that toxic deafness will occur. The gene chip can not completely replace the current clinical laboratory diagnosis, "said entrepreneurs of returnees genetic testing, the current stage should be objectively viewed the gene chip technology, but, "No one can deny its medical reference value."
The opportunity of gene chip's business is unpredictable. Everyone wants to grab a prevailing trend and “does it not occupy the radish to occupy a pit firstâ€, which makes the international and domestic markets both in a phase of cohabitation. At present, there are no fewer than 50 biochip companies in China, but only a handful have been certified by relevant state agencies. After some institutions outsourced the sales of genetic testing, some “stinging†of sales methods appeared, and some even became MLM. In addition, the U.S. research team also issued a statement in the journal Science that 90% of genetic tests in the U.S. market did not pass formal management evaluations.
Businesses are advancing, and real marketization has not yet begun. The cause of this phenomenon is very complicated. Zhao Zhixian believes that the current difficulties in the approval of the microarrays in the Food and Drug Administration, the difficulty in entering the price collection process, and the difficulty in entering the medical insurance system make it a real way to enter the market-oriented business. Far, and before some market chaos appeared it is not difficult to understand.
The price of the current gene chip is still relatively expensive, and the operation is complex and time-consuming. The professional quality requirements of operators are relatively high. There is a shortage of corresponding professional gene detection and data analysis personnel in China. This is also one of the obstacles that must be overcome before promoting marketization. . In 2011, the Ministry of Health issued a notice, deciding to “decentralize†the right to examine and approve the diagnostic technology of the gene chip to provincial health authorities. This means that in the future clinically, more and more qualified clinicians will use this technology.
How to make genetic testing as soon as possible contact the market and accelerate its industrialization is a common mentality of governments of all countries. Returnees of genetic testing entrepreneurs analyzed the situation at home and abroad. Under this kind of mentality, it is first to “control†or to “put it down†first, how to grasp the strength of “one by one, let go†and lead to different industry ecosystems. This is not an easy task for all governments. thing.
Last year, they all participated in a genetic screening of a high-risk group in Beijing. As a result, both were carriers of the cariogenic gene. It was only because Yu Jing had been conscious of avoiding the injection of a drug, but her good sister had Ignorant use of this medicine has led to two people moving towards a totally different life.
Zhao Zhixian, director of Biochip Biotechnology Marketing, told reporters, "Yan Jing's mother and her sister-in-law had no deafness at birth, and they were all injected with streptomycin, gentamycin and other aminoglycosides. "Thank you." Each year, there are more than 30,000 new patients in China due to delayed deafness and drug deafness, 60% of which are due to deafness genes.
In fact, many doctors know that these drugs cause deafness caused by genetic mutations, but it took 3 days to rely on traditional gene sequencing methods, and it was expensive. As a bearer of the Beijing Genome genetic screening, Boao Bio used a new deafness gene chip detection technology. “This chip covers 9 mutations that cause the most common deafness in Chinese population. In order to do a test, it only takes 5 hours and the price is a few hundred yuan," said Zhao Zhixian.
Genes have been “mysteriously acting†in our bodies for a long time. Regardless of whether you know or don’t understand, believe or not, it can lead to completely different results and even life. Humans desperately want to decode their own genes. Several of the predictions about the next 10 technology trends are also related to genetic technology.
The deafness chip is the most common application of the current gene chip. The so-called gene detection chip has the same shape as the electronic chip, but the above array is not an integrated circuit but a gene sequence. It integrates nucleic acid fragment recognition probes of a large number of known gene sequences on the surface of a piece of nail-sized glass or silicon wafer. By reacting with the sample, the gene will present different expression signals, and signal data will be collected by computer technology. Genetic mutations in the sample are used to diagnose genetic diseases. Although gene chips were successfully introduced as early as the end of the 20th century and used for drug screening and laboratory research, ordinary people still know little about it.
"A fishing rod with tens of thousands of fishing hooks"
If the previous gene detection technology had only one "fish hook", only one fish (a gene) could be caught at a time. Then, the gene chip is like a fishing rod with tens of thousands of fishing hooks, which can capture many different fish at the same time, thus achieving simultaneous detection and identification of millions of genes. It features high efficiency, high throughput, fast and easy. Zhao Zhixian said that the deafness chip can provide genetic testing from preconception, prenatal to birth, "only need to take a drop of sample from the mother's amniotic fluid, or a drop of blood can complete the entire test." It can help fertility parents in time to learn about new life. Genetic information and take measures to reduce newborns suffering from genetic diseases.
The gene chip will change the "one person, one formula," the use of drugs in the personalized formula, the future of Western medicine and Chinese medicine may have the same goal. At present, doctors prescribe basic prescriptions for patients with the same type of illness. In fact, individual differences in people directly affect the efficacy of medication, and the amount of medication should also be different.
The human genome encodes about 100,000 different genes, and there are tens of thousands of sites in one gene. "Most chronic diseases are associated with several or more mutations in dozens of genes. Gene chips can classify genes." , and as far as possible to find out the relevant sites, to find out which genes and sites for the prognosis of good expression, which is not well expressed, and then provide personalized treatment based on the results of the comparison. A returnee entrepreneur working on genetic testing chips explained.
“The most difficult place for tuberculosis is its high drug resistance. It takes 4 to 8 weeks for genetic resistance to be checked. During this period, most treatments are empirical drugs. If resistance develops, it will not cure the disease but will aggravate it. The condition and delay of treatment. The tuberculosis detection chip shortened the testing time to 6 hours, and won the opportunity for treatment.†Zhao Zhixian made a case study with concrete examples.
The biggest change that the gene chip brings to Western medicine is that it can detect individual differences between patients, allowing doctors to diagnose and use drugs more timely and improve accuracy, but this needs to be based on a large number of scientific research, and genetic screening It will take time for the search to show results.
Although the current gene chip technology is not yet fully mature, it can not stop its commercial pace. In some domestic hospitals or medical examination agencies, you can now see advertisements like this: With just a drop of blood or a sample of saliva, you can predict if you will develop cancer and keep your health in your hands. In the United States, more and more retailers have begun to provide genetic diagnostic tests directly to consumers through the Internet. Their slogan is that they can understand their health status at the genetic level without the help of a doctor. This test has even begun to target the international market through the Internet.
In general, consumers can get a list of their own genetic, traits, and risk grades for potential illnesses as long as they make a payment. They also include a personal medication advice and general health advice on life, diet, and the environment, such as dieting and Sports etc. Domestic prices range from 2 to 30,000 yuan.
Gene chip "pipe" and "put"
So, how reliable is this genetic diagnosis? Biotechnology Biotechnology gives a set of standards from a technical perspective. Gene chip technology must be based on the relationship between a large number of known genes and genetic alterations and diseases. Therefore, the number of disease-related genes that should be detected should be as large as possible, and an unusually large database of genes and diseases must be established. There is a set of scientific mathematical models. Also, genetic testing has a certain racial relevance. "That is to say, if the database of different people is different, the test results will be different," said Zhao Zhixian.
A group of four American bioethics, law, and medical experts conducted a study on whether the gene test was applicable to the market. They said that genetic testing must be conducted through the same type of preliminary investigation of centralized data markets. Many genetic testing companies have provided long-term prediction results. In fact, it takes several decades to fully understand these risks and benefits.
The three major problems of gene chips are: “The relationship between genetic changes and diseases cannot be one to one. The results of all genetic tests do not necessarily occur. Similarly, even if you detect the presence of deafness genes, it does not necessarily mean that toxic deafness will occur. The gene chip can not completely replace the current clinical laboratory diagnosis, "said entrepreneurs of returnees genetic testing, the current stage should be objectively viewed the gene chip technology, but, "No one can deny its medical reference value."
The opportunity of gene chip's business is unpredictable. Everyone wants to grab a prevailing trend and “does it not occupy the radish to occupy a pit firstâ€, which makes the international and domestic markets both in a phase of cohabitation. At present, there are no fewer than 50 biochip companies in China, but only a handful have been certified by relevant state agencies. After some institutions outsourced the sales of genetic testing, some “stinging†of sales methods appeared, and some even became MLM. In addition, the U.S. research team also issued a statement in the journal Science that 90% of genetic tests in the U.S. market did not pass formal management evaluations.
Businesses are advancing, and real marketization has not yet begun. The cause of this phenomenon is very complicated. Zhao Zhixian believes that the current difficulties in the approval of the microarrays in the Food and Drug Administration, the difficulty in entering the price collection process, and the difficulty in entering the medical insurance system make it a real way to enter the market-oriented business. Far, and before some market chaos appeared it is not difficult to understand.
The price of the current gene chip is still relatively expensive, and the operation is complex and time-consuming. The professional quality requirements of operators are relatively high. There is a shortage of corresponding professional gene detection and data analysis personnel in China. This is also one of the obstacles that must be overcome before promoting marketization. . In 2011, the Ministry of Health issued a notice, deciding to “decentralize†the right to examine and approve the diagnostic technology of the gene chip to provincial health authorities. This means that in the future clinically, more and more qualified clinicians will use this technology.
How to make genetic testing as soon as possible contact the market and accelerate its industrialization is a common mentality of governments of all countries. Returnees of genetic testing entrepreneurs analyzed the situation at home and abroad. Under this kind of mentality, it is first to “control†or to “put it down†first, how to grasp the strength of “one by one, let go†and lead to different industry ecosystems. This is not an easy task for all governments. thing.
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