1. Proposal of the problem
In the construction of some cities in China, due to the limitations of historical objective conditions, street lamps are often limited to the basic needs of identifiable lighting for pedestrians and vehicles, but have long neglected or even neglected the landscape of lamps. The unity and foundation of functional appeals often lead to simple and flat expressions. Some too simplistic forms can even hinder the normal functioning of lighting and cause adverse effects on urban landscapes.
With the development of the city and the improvement of people's living standards, the increase of urban night traffic and the rich form of night activities make people's functional requirements for outdoor night lighting not only satisfy the illuminating environment, but also provide basic identifiability. At present, outdoor lamps in many cities in China pay more attention to decorative and aesthetic effects. With the rapid development of urban lighting and the increasing variety of lamps provided by luminaires, some cities lack systematic, pertinent and scientific selection, updating, design and layout of street lamps. Some of the so-called "lighting projects" and "image projects" that are too much and too fast cause the quality of the lighting in the exterior space of the city to be mixed, and the street space is disorderly. The blurring or even lack of urban landscape intentions is contrary to the goal of urban lighting construction to improve people's living environment quality and promote urban economic development.
Therefore, how to avoid the extremes of simple, plain and even simple in the urban lighting construction to the other extremes of complexity, novelty and even vulgarity, combining the lighting design of the road system with the lighting planning of the city, and the overall planning of the city. Coordinated, in line with the city's construction and development. The article attempts to analyze the relationship between urban landscape and road lighting, and analyze the actual case to explore the landscape problem of road lighting design in urban lighting construction.
2 Landscape analysis of road lighting design
2.1 Road lighting is an integral part of urban lighting
Urban road space is the material expression of urban traffic characteristics, and is the most easily recognized and most memorable part of the city. People's perception of cities is often achieved through the perception of urban road space. Street lamps are the most important division and guiding elements in urban street space, forming the environmental characteristics of streets and squares. They are an indispensable element in urban street space and landscape organization, and also an important part of urban lighting design.
Urban road lighting is not independent of the urban landscape, but an important, organic component of the urban landscape. Roads, plazas and buildings are the three main elements that make up the urban space. A wide variety of road lamps are also spread across the city with the roads and the plazas dotted around them. Therefore, no matter from the breadth of distribution space and location, from the number of individuals and types of distribution and the scale in urban street space, road lamps are factors that cannot be ignored in urban landscape design. At night, the entire urban landscape completes an interesting spatial transformation due to artificial lighting: the building loses its sense of volume and weight, and becomes more of a dramatic point, line, etc. or enveloping surface. Elements; roads and plazas in urban exterior spaces form some kind of "negative space" due to artificial lighting. This "negative space" has become the main body of urban functions and landscapes, and the lighting function of road lamps is the basic and framework element of this "negative space".
2.2 The value orientation of road lighting design in urban landscape
As an inseparable part of urban landscape design, the basic starting point of urban road lighting landscape design is people-oriented, considering the creation of urban material environment and the human behavior and perception, considering people's various activities, and Human physiological, psychological, security and other requirements. It ranges from individual lamps to a street to a lighting system throughout the city.
2.2.1 昼——Landscape hides functionality
Although road lamps are functional urban public facilities, what is really needed for people themselves is the light emitted by the lamps, not the lamps themselves. Therefore, during the day when there is sufficient natural light illumination, people may resort to some physical landscape characteristics inherent in the luminaire itself. At this time, it is not necessary to over-emphasize the road luminaire as an artificial appliance, but as part of the urban landscape. Incorporate into the spatial background of the entire city street. Of course, this form of "integration" can be different, for example, it can be a kind of fusion of inheritance, or it can be a kind of dialogue. But no matter what form is adopted, this kind of "integration" is the hiding of the functionality of road lamps, and it is the highlight of its landscape.
2.2.2 Night - Functionality to Landscape Extension
At night, road lights become the mainstay of urban lighting functions. Streets, squares, and exterior spaces of buildings have been revitalized and energized because of the lighting of lamps, and new characterizations have also been made. At this time, the landscape of the road lamps can be embodied by illuminating themselves or by attaching some decorative lamps, so that some of the landscape features of the road lamps during the day can be continued at night. This is only part of the nighttime landscape performance of road lamps. People pay more attention to the landscape of the artificial light environment created by the lighting of the lamps. This landscape can be used for illumination, brightness, light color, color rendering, etc. Pure technical means to measure, but more is the subjective feelings of people on the overall light environment, is an atmosphere. This kind of landscape is the landscape extension of the function of the lamps, and it is the key to grasp the nighttime landscape features of the road lamps.
2.2.3 Leap from the second landscape to the value of the third landscape
The philosopher Cicero sees the work of God as the first landscape and the artificial landscape as the second landscape. The second landscape was created by people to meet their basic needs for food, survival, comfort and safety. The third landscape is a landscape with design ideas.
Therefore, the pursuit of the landscape of urban road lamps is to hope that the lamps and lanterns can more fully explore the human factors, philosophical culture and their symbols hidden behind the material form and technical form on the basis of satisfying people's basic traffic and comfort and safety requirements. Metaphors, etc., embody the geometric and mathematical forms and the rich artistic ideas of human beings, realize the value leap from the second landscape to the third landscape, and become a bridge between people and the material world.
2.3 Street lamps as a characteristic of urban landscape elements
As a product of modern industrialization, road luminaires have their own height and volume beyond the human scale, as well as a neat arrangement, making it difficult for natural luminaires to be naturally integrated into rich and specific urban blocks. The full transformation of things is based on a full understanding of things. Therefore, the author summarizes some characteristics of road lamps as urban landscape elements, and provides a basis for constructing the landscape of road lighting systems.
2.3.1 Universality and diversity of regional distribution
The universality of regional distribution refers to the breadth of the distribution of road lamps in urban geospatial space. The formation, expansion and renewal of cities have always been framed and backboned by their increasingly complex road traffic systems, and road luminaires, which are important functional infrastructures, have also extended to all areas of the city.
Diversity includes two levels of meaning:
(1) The diversity of the combination of lamps. According to different road properties, road width and road function, different cloth spacing and cloth height are adopted.
(2) The diversity of the form of the lamp itself. Different forms of luminaires can be used on different roads or in different areas of the same road as needed.
2.3.2 Sequence and identity of spatial distribution
Road luminaires are the lighting function of urban roads through a combination of overall lighting. The linear extension of the road and the uniform road lighting requirements make the road lamps have a relatively fixed cloth spacing, cloth height and lamp style in the distribution of the street space, thus forming a strong order. This ordering combined with the three-dimensional form of road luminaires and the perspective of the street creates a strong guiding and directionality and the rhythm of the combination of road luminaires. The so-called "rhythm" is a regular movement, in which directionality and regularity are indispensable. Therefore, the rhythm of road lamps is also a combination of order and guidance of the spatial distribution of lamps.
Marking is a location feature for the distribution of road lights. Road lamps are mainly distributed on both sides or in the middle of urban roads. They are closer to the center of the street than the building interface, and have a certain volume and scale, so they are easy to become visual focus and have certain identification.
2.3.3 Structural and plasticity of individual shapes
Modern road lamps are industrial products with some basic structural components such as lamp holders, cantilevers, light poles, and pedestals. Plasticity means that the various parts of the luminaire and their connecting nodes can be artistically processed to a certain extent, or additional landscape components can be attached to the luminaire.
2.3.4 Practicality and landscaping of artificial lighting
Providing basic road lighting for pedestrians and vehicles is a concrete manifestation of the practical functions of road lighting and the root cause of the existence of road lighting. It can be objectively measured by some photometric data. The landscaping of road luminaires and its practical functionality are interrelated. For people, most nighttime things must rely on artificial lighting to present them. Different light source colors, light distribution forms, and distribution patterns of lamps will greatly affect people's perception of things and further affect people's psychological feelings.
2.4 Analysis of problems in urban lighting construction at the present stage
It can be seen from the above analysis that the design and selection of urban street lamps is a multi-level and multi-faceted comprehensive problem, and neglect or rely on one aspect will make it one-sided.
Question 1: One-sided promotion of "one road, one light"
In the construction of road lighting systems, some cities have proposed the construction goal of “one road, one lightâ€, that is, the excessive pursuit of the diversity of lamps, and the neglect of the functionality and order of the lamps. The use of different luminaires on each road can increase the richness of the urban road landscape, but it also brings new problems. Different styles of lamps often have great differences in lighting quality, which makes it difficult to ensure the uniformity of road lighting effects of the same nature. At the same time, the excessive pursuit of diversity will dilute the order and labeling of lamps, leading to urban streets. The order is messy and people are confused about the overall impression of the lamps.
Question 2: Excessive pursuit of "characteristics"
With the universality and labeling of road lamps, it is hoped that the spiritual appearance and cultural connotation of the city will be reflected in the external image of road lamps. The starting point is good. However, some city leaders do not fully understand the landscape of road lamps. They hold the impetuous mentality of “Bai Qigong in one battle†and use the characteristics of short construction period, quick effect and easy scale of lighting project to make “the city look new and make the city The “heavy duty†with distinctive characteristics is too much in the shape of the lamps, making it the vanguard of the “face project†and “political performance project†of the city, which leads to the special production of the lamps, which wastes too much manpower and material resources. The design of the luminaire also neglects the coordination of the street space and destroys the overall landscape environment of the city.
Question 3: Excessively seeking new and different forms
Ignore the structural and functional aspects of the luminaire and emphasize the plasticity, diversity and labeling. Road luminaire design has its own scientific and structural design. Excessive pursuit of grotesque effects from the actual design and manufacture of luminaires will weaken or even destroy the functionality of the luminaires, and the actual shape will not make people feel beautiful.
Question 4: Confusing road and landscape lights
In fact, it is to confuse the functionality and landscaping of road lamps. Lamps are used to illuminate things. Many people mistakenly believe that the road or the environment is not bright enough because the lamps themselves do not look bright enough. In some places, functional lighting fixtures are removed, and road lighting is used for lighting lamps that look like “sharp, bright, and other†landscape lights such as “dragon lightsâ€. The result is not only to make the road and the environment more dim, but also because the direct exposure of the light source of the lamp forms a strong contrast with the environment, causing glare to pedestrians and vehicles.
In the construction of some cities in China, due to the limitations of historical objective conditions, street lamps are often limited to the basic needs of identifiable lighting for pedestrians and vehicles, but have long neglected or even neglected the landscape of lamps. The unity and foundation of functional appeals often lead to simple and flat expressions. Some too simplistic forms can even hinder the normal functioning of lighting and cause adverse effects on urban landscapes.
With the development of the city and the improvement of people's living standards, the increase of urban night traffic and the rich form of night activities make people's functional requirements for outdoor night lighting not only satisfy the illuminating environment, but also provide basic identifiability. At present, outdoor lamps in many cities in China pay more attention to decorative and aesthetic effects. With the rapid development of urban lighting and the increasing variety of lamps provided by luminaires, some cities lack systematic, pertinent and scientific selection, updating, design and layout of street lamps. Some of the so-called "lighting projects" and "image projects" that are too much and too fast cause the quality of the lighting in the exterior space of the city to be mixed, and the street space is disorderly. The blurring or even lack of urban landscape intentions is contrary to the goal of urban lighting construction to improve people's living environment quality and promote urban economic development.
Therefore, how to avoid the extremes of simple, plain and even simple in the urban lighting construction to the other extremes of complexity, novelty and even vulgarity, combining the lighting design of the road system with the lighting planning of the city, and the overall planning of the city. Coordinated, in line with the city's construction and development. The article attempts to analyze the relationship between urban landscape and road lighting, and analyze the actual case to explore the landscape problem of road lighting design in urban lighting construction.
2 Landscape analysis of road lighting design
2.1 Road lighting is an integral part of urban lighting
Urban road space is the material expression of urban traffic characteristics, and is the most easily recognized and most memorable part of the city. People's perception of cities is often achieved through the perception of urban road space. Street lamps are the most important division and guiding elements in urban street space, forming the environmental characteristics of streets and squares. They are an indispensable element in urban street space and landscape organization, and also an important part of urban lighting design.
Urban road lighting is not independent of the urban landscape, but an important, organic component of the urban landscape. Roads, plazas and buildings are the three main elements that make up the urban space. A wide variety of road lamps are also spread across the city with the roads and the plazas dotted around them. Therefore, no matter from the breadth of distribution space and location, from the number of individuals and types of distribution and the scale in urban street space, road lamps are factors that cannot be ignored in urban landscape design. At night, the entire urban landscape completes an interesting spatial transformation due to artificial lighting: the building loses its sense of volume and weight, and becomes more of a dramatic point, line, etc. or enveloping surface. Elements; roads and plazas in urban exterior spaces form some kind of "negative space" due to artificial lighting. This "negative space" has become the main body of urban functions and landscapes, and the lighting function of road lamps is the basic and framework element of this "negative space".
2.2 The value orientation of road lighting design in urban landscape
As an inseparable part of urban landscape design, the basic starting point of urban road lighting landscape design is people-oriented, considering the creation of urban material environment and the human behavior and perception, considering people's various activities, and Human physiological, psychological, security and other requirements. It ranges from individual lamps to a street to a lighting system throughout the city.
2.2.1 昼——Landscape hides functionality
Although road lamps are functional urban public facilities, what is really needed for people themselves is the light emitted by the lamps, not the lamps themselves. Therefore, during the day when there is sufficient natural light illumination, people may resort to some physical landscape characteristics inherent in the luminaire itself. At this time, it is not necessary to over-emphasize the road luminaire as an artificial appliance, but as part of the urban landscape. Incorporate into the spatial background of the entire city street. Of course, this form of "integration" can be different, for example, it can be a kind of fusion of inheritance, or it can be a kind of dialogue. But no matter what form is adopted, this kind of "integration" is the hiding of the functionality of road lamps, and it is the highlight of its landscape.
2.2.2 Night - Functionality to Landscape Extension
At night, road lights become the mainstay of urban lighting functions. Streets, squares, and exterior spaces of buildings have been revitalized and energized because of the lighting of lamps, and new characterizations have also been made. At this time, the landscape of the road lamps can be embodied by illuminating themselves or by attaching some decorative lamps, so that some of the landscape features of the road lamps during the day can be continued at night. This is only part of the nighttime landscape performance of road lamps. People pay more attention to the landscape of the artificial light environment created by the lighting of the lamps. This landscape can be used for illumination, brightness, light color, color rendering, etc. Pure technical means to measure, but more is the subjective feelings of people on the overall light environment, is an atmosphere. This kind of landscape is the landscape extension of the function of the lamps, and it is the key to grasp the nighttime landscape features of the road lamps.
2.2.3 Leap from the second landscape to the value of the third landscape
The philosopher Cicero sees the work of God as the first landscape and the artificial landscape as the second landscape. The second landscape was created by people to meet their basic needs for food, survival, comfort and safety. The third landscape is a landscape with design ideas.
Therefore, the pursuit of the landscape of urban road lamps is to hope that the lamps and lanterns can more fully explore the human factors, philosophical culture and their symbols hidden behind the material form and technical form on the basis of satisfying people's basic traffic and comfort and safety requirements. Metaphors, etc., embody the geometric and mathematical forms and the rich artistic ideas of human beings, realize the value leap from the second landscape to the third landscape, and become a bridge between people and the material world.
2.3 Street lamps as a characteristic of urban landscape elements
As a product of modern industrialization, road luminaires have their own height and volume beyond the human scale, as well as a neat arrangement, making it difficult for natural luminaires to be naturally integrated into rich and specific urban blocks. The full transformation of things is based on a full understanding of things. Therefore, the author summarizes some characteristics of road lamps as urban landscape elements, and provides a basis for constructing the landscape of road lighting systems.
2.3.1 Universality and diversity of regional distribution
The universality of regional distribution refers to the breadth of the distribution of road lamps in urban geospatial space. The formation, expansion and renewal of cities have always been framed and backboned by their increasingly complex road traffic systems, and road luminaires, which are important functional infrastructures, have also extended to all areas of the city.
Diversity includes two levels of meaning:
(1) The diversity of the combination of lamps. According to different road properties, road width and road function, different cloth spacing and cloth height are adopted.
(2) The diversity of the form of the lamp itself. Different forms of luminaires can be used on different roads or in different areas of the same road as needed.
2.3.2 Sequence and identity of spatial distribution
Road luminaires are the lighting function of urban roads through a combination of overall lighting. The linear extension of the road and the uniform road lighting requirements make the road lamps have a relatively fixed cloth spacing, cloth height and lamp style in the distribution of the street space, thus forming a strong order. This ordering combined with the three-dimensional form of road luminaires and the perspective of the street creates a strong guiding and directionality and the rhythm of the combination of road luminaires. The so-called "rhythm" is a regular movement, in which directionality and regularity are indispensable. Therefore, the rhythm of road lamps is also a combination of order and guidance of the spatial distribution of lamps.
Marking is a location feature for the distribution of road lights. Road lamps are mainly distributed on both sides or in the middle of urban roads. They are closer to the center of the street than the building interface, and have a certain volume and scale, so they are easy to become visual focus and have certain identification.
2.3.3 Structural and plasticity of individual shapes
Modern road lamps are industrial products with some basic structural components such as lamp holders, cantilevers, light poles, and pedestals. Plasticity means that the various parts of the luminaire and their connecting nodes can be artistically processed to a certain extent, or additional landscape components can be attached to the luminaire.
2.3.4 Practicality and landscaping of artificial lighting
Providing basic road lighting for pedestrians and vehicles is a concrete manifestation of the practical functions of road lighting and the root cause of the existence of road lighting. It can be objectively measured by some photometric data. The landscaping of road luminaires and its practical functionality are interrelated. For people, most nighttime things must rely on artificial lighting to present them. Different light source colors, light distribution forms, and distribution patterns of lamps will greatly affect people's perception of things and further affect people's psychological feelings.
2.4 Analysis of problems in urban lighting construction at the present stage
It can be seen from the above analysis that the design and selection of urban street lamps is a multi-level and multi-faceted comprehensive problem, and neglect or rely on one aspect will make it one-sided.
Question 1: One-sided promotion of "one road, one light"
In the construction of road lighting systems, some cities have proposed the construction goal of “one road, one lightâ€, that is, the excessive pursuit of the diversity of lamps, and the neglect of the functionality and order of the lamps. The use of different luminaires on each road can increase the richness of the urban road landscape, but it also brings new problems. Different styles of lamps often have great differences in lighting quality, which makes it difficult to ensure the uniformity of road lighting effects of the same nature. At the same time, the excessive pursuit of diversity will dilute the order and labeling of lamps, leading to urban streets. The order is messy and people are confused about the overall impression of the lamps.
Question 2: Excessive pursuit of "characteristics"
With the universality and labeling of road lamps, it is hoped that the spiritual appearance and cultural connotation of the city will be reflected in the external image of road lamps. The starting point is good. However, some city leaders do not fully understand the landscape of road lamps. They hold the impetuous mentality of “Bai Qigong in one battle†and use the characteristics of short construction period, quick effect and easy scale of lighting project to make “the city look new and make the city The “heavy duty†with distinctive characteristics is too much in the shape of the lamps, making it the vanguard of the “face project†and “political performance project†of the city, which leads to the special production of the lamps, which wastes too much manpower and material resources. The design of the luminaire also neglects the coordination of the street space and destroys the overall landscape environment of the city.
Question 3: Excessively seeking new and different forms
Ignore the structural and functional aspects of the luminaire and emphasize the plasticity, diversity and labeling. Road luminaire design has its own scientific and structural design. Excessive pursuit of grotesque effects from the actual design and manufacture of luminaires will weaken or even destroy the functionality of the luminaires, and the actual shape will not make people feel beautiful.
Question 4: Confusing road and landscape lights
In fact, it is to confuse the functionality and landscaping of road lamps. Lamps are used to illuminate things. Many people mistakenly believe that the road or the environment is not bright enough because the lamps themselves do not look bright enough. In some places, functional lighting fixtures are removed, and road lighting is used for lighting lamps that look like “sharp, bright, and other†landscape lights such as “dragon lightsâ€. The result is not only to make the road and the environment more dim, but also because the direct exposure of the light source of the lamp forms a strong contrast with the environment, causing glare to pedestrians and vehicles.
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