Twenty years ago, the way people communicated by long distance was to make a phone call. Ten years ago, they were calling and PC online video chat. Five years ago, with the rapid development of mobile broadband, most of the applications began to be realized through mobile broadband (MBB). . Mobile phones have gradually become an inseparable part of people's daily life. Eating and eating "eat chicken", walking "pesticide", travel sharing bicycles, shopping scan code, you can enjoy the convenience and entertainment experience of mobile broadband anytime, anywhere. That is to say, wireless communication is voice in the 2G era, data in the 3G era, and mobile broadband MBB in the 4G era.
The world is working hard, but it won't break! The eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) service in the 5G era can bring you the peak rate of 20Gbps, AR/VR, ultra-high-definition video broadcast, etc.; uRLLC (ultra-reliable ultra-low latency communication) service can bring you cool experience Unmanned driving and long-distance driving; mMTC (large-scale machine communication) business can realize the interconnection of everything by building smart factories, smart cities, and smart agriculture.
Recently, the IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology officially released the 5G Phase III R&D test specification, and the 5G Phase III R&D test has been launched. The R&D test is based on the 3GPP 5G standard, builds a unified environment, conducts system verification, guides 5G product development for commercial use, and promotes product maturity and industry chain synergy. The test will test and verify the key features of 5G commercial support such as core network, base station, terminal and interoperability. The estimated completion time is 4th quarter of 2018.
This phase of the R&D trial will be based on 3GPP's latest 5G NSA standard for testing and verification. Simply speaking, the NSA uses the 4G core network (EPC), with 4G as the anchor point of the control plane, and uses LTE and 5G NR (New Radio, dual-port) dual connectivity to deploy 5G using the existing LTE network to meet the lead. Operators quickly realize the need for 5G deployment.
Let's let Xiaobian give you a specific talk about some innovative new technologies...
New spectrum
Broadband supports large bandwidth
The soldiers and horses did not move, and the grain and grass first. Spectrum is the basic resource of wireless communication technology. In the future, the global 5G starting frequency band will be C-band (spectrum range is 3.3GHz-4.2GHz, 4.4GHz-5.0GHz) and millimeter wave band 26GHz/28GHz/39GHz. Accordingly, 3GPP has tailored n77, n78, n79, n257, n258 and n260.
5G uses broadband to define frequency bands, forming a few global unified frequency bands, greatly reducing the complexity of terminals (mobile phones) supporting global roaming. The maximum bandwidth of 5G is increased from 20MHz to 100MHz on C-band and 400MHz on millimeter wave. Equivalent to the road width, the download or upload speed will be greatly improved. In addition, 5G uses more advanced symbol shaping technology, such as Filter-OFDM, which reduces the overhead of the spectrum edge protection band. Compared with 4G, the transmission bandwidth is significantly improved under the same nominal bandwidth.
New terminal form
Multi-antenna boost downlink rate
The use of multiple antennas brings spatial multiplexing gain and can greatly increase capacity. However, for a particular terminal, the number of multiplex layers that can be supported is limited by the number of receive antennas. Nowadays, the number of receiving antennas that are used by the terminal (mobile phone) is two, so the maximum number of multiplex layers can be supported as two layers. Terminals using 4 receiving antennas in the future will become mainstream. The 5G NR doubles the number of standard receiving antennas. Compared with the 2 receive and 4 receive terminals, the downlink rate can be greatly improved.
â—Uplink and downlink decoupling technology to fill up the uplink coverage short board
Through the C-band large bandwidth and multi-antenna receiving technology, the user enjoys a faster download rate. However, due to the transmission characteristics of the C-Band and the uplink transmit power of the terminal, the uplink coverage of the 5G cell is severely limited. If it is deployed with the existing 1.8GHz LTE co-location, there is a clear short board, and only some users in the cell center can enjoy the higher speed experience brought by 5G.
The uplink and downlink decoupling is the innovative spectrum usage technology proposed for this problem. The official name in 3GPP is LTE-NR UL coexistence, which is shared with NR uplink using LTE low-frequency idle spectrum, which makes up for C-Band and high-frequency uplink. The coverage is insufficient, and the wireless resources of the LTE idle spectrum are fully utilized. The general solution is applied to the NSA and SA modes, so that the 5G basic coverage can be provided, and the deployment cost of the operator can be saved, which is to accelerate the 5G deployment. Essential features.
Huawei and the UK's leading operator EE conducted field-down decoupling field tests on the London commercial network. The test results show that after the uplink and downlink decoupling, the 3.5GHz coverage radius is increased by 73% and the user experience is increased by 10 times. Under the premise of reaching the same coverage with 1.8GHz.
New physical layer technology framework
Guarantee system flexibility
â—New waveform
The LTE downlink supports CP-OFDM (without DFT pre-transform) waveforms, and the uplink only supports DFT-s-OFDM waveforms. On this basis, NR also introduces CP-OFDM waveforms on the uplink, which can support more flexible data scheduling. At the same time, the system bandwidth utilization of NR is up to 97% (LTE is 90%), which increases the spectrum utilization value of operators.
â—Flexible air interface settings
Compared with the previous generation communication technology, using fixed 15KHz subcarrier spacing and 1ms subframe length, 5G NR introduces more flexible air interface settings, such as flexible subcarrier spacing (data supports 15KHz to 120KHz subcarriers on different bands) Interval) and flexible frame structure (full downlink, full uplink, downlink-based and uplink-based frame structure) to adapt to different channel types and service types. And different service types (such as eMBB and uRLLC) can be sent simultaneously through FDM, which improves the flexibility of system transmission.
â— Enhanced multi-antenna technology
5G NR introduces multiple multi-antenna enhancement techniques that dramatically increase spectral efficiency, cell coverage and system flexibility.
Improve spectrum efficiency:
For a single user, the non-codebook-based uplink transmission mechanism reduces the precoding of the previous generation communication technology using the codebook, and the generated quantization error can provide more accurate channel information and effectively enhance the uplink spectrum efficiency;
For multiple users, 5G NR uplink and downlink supports orthogonal 12-stream multi-user pairing with respect to 4 streams supported by LTE, and the uplink and downlink spectrum efficiency can be significantly improved by enhanced interference measurement and feedback techniques.
For TDD, the sounding reference signal (SRS) can be switched between different carriers or between different antennas of the same carrier, and channel reciprocity is used to further improve channel feedback accuracy and spectral efficiency of the TDD system;
Enhanced cell coverage:
The 5G NR uses beamforming measurement and feedback mechanisms that can be applied to both initial access, control, and data channels. Beamforming is a type of multi-antenna technology. The gNodeB/UE weights the uplink/downlink signals of the PDSCH/PUSCH (Physical Downlink/Uplink Shared CHannel) to form a narrow beam aligned with the UE/gNodeB. The energy is directed to the target user, thereby increasing the demodulation signal to noise ratio of the target UE/gNodeB.
For the initial access, the broadcast-based mechanism of the LTE period is improved, and the system is upgraded to a beam-based mechanism, thereby improving system coverage; beamforming can enhance the coverage of the control channel, thereby expanding the cell radius. It can also improve the transmission success rate, especially for high frequency transmission.
In addition, there are enhanced pilot designs, such as demodulation pilots, phase tracking pilots, and time-frequency tracking pilots, which can effectively reduce overhead and provide more accurate channel information than LTE.
â—New channel coding
Compared with the previous generation communication technology data channel turbo code, control channel TBCC and other coding methods, 5G NR uses a new channel coding method, that is, the data channel is LDPC coded, and the control channel and broadcast channel are Polar coded. This improvement can improve the NR channel coding efficiency, adapt to 5G large data volume, high reliability and low latency transmission requirements.
â— CU-DU separation technology
By introducing a central control unit (Central Unit), on the one hand, unified management of radio resources and centralized control of mobility can be realized at the service level, thereby further improving network performance; on the other hand, at the architecture level, the CU can be flexibly integrated into The operator cloud platform can also be designed with cloud-based ideas in a proprietary hardware environment to realize resource pooling, deployment automation, and reduce OPEX/CPAX while improving the customer experience.
New network architecture
Enable one network and multiple camps
The core network definition based on service architecture and end-to-end 5G network slicing technology will spawn new business models and help digital transformation of industry and society.
â—Service architecture
Compared with the 4G network system architecture based on the point-to-point interface between the network element and the network element, the 5G core network control plane is a Service Based Architecture (SBA). The service architecture supports on-demand deployment of network functions and services, enabling flexible network slicing; reducing TTM for new network services and enabling rapid business innovation. The service architecture defines the network functions by means of componentization, reusability, self-containment, etc. The network functions provide services to other network functions that allow their services through their common service interfaces.
Figure 1. Roaming scenario for local routing of a serviced architecture
â—Network slice
The most significant key difference between the 5G system architecture and previous generations of mobile communication systems is network slicing. The 4G network supports network slicing to some extent through the characteristics of the "proprietary core network". In contrast, 5G network slicing is a more powerful concept that includes the entire PLMN. Within the scope of the 3GPP 5G system architecture, network slicing refers to a set of 3GPP defined features and functions that together comprise a complete PLMN network that provides services to the UE.
Network slicing allows network functions to be grouped into PLMNs on demand, which provide their functions and defined services according to specific application scenarios. For example, there may be cell phone slicing, car networking slicing, telemedicine slicing, IoT slicing, and the like. The application of network slicing technology will lead the communication industry to deep integration with other industries, and will also promote new business models and accelerate the pace of digital transformation in the industry.
Figure 2. 3GPP 5G network slice deployment scenario
â—Edge calculation
Edge computing implements service content localization by migrating application services to the network edge, reducing transmission delay and high bandwidth backhaul requirements. At the same time, the two-way interaction between the network and the application is realized, the intelligent level of the mobile network is effectively improved, and the integration of the network and the service is promoted to improve the service level.
Edge computing technology has become the native support of 5G networks. The idea of ​​edge computing is integrated into all aspects of the design of the entire 5G system: the communication architecture of the two-way interaction between the network and the application; the flexible deployment and flexible selection of the user plane, including the application-to-user plane selection Impact; multi-anchor sessions (simultaneous access to local and cloud) service continuity support (SSC mode); local access network support (LADN); flexible QoS mechanisms for multiple services.
â— Unified authentication framework
The unified authentication framework enables 5G networks to support multiple types of trusts by combining new authentication protocols (such as EAP) and converged authentication interfaces and network elements. It combines different types of access technologies and terminal types to improve carrier networks. Scalability for new business scenarios and vertical industries.
The formulation of the 5G standard follows a certain planning and rhythm. 3GPP completes the 5G standard into two major phases. The first one is Release15, which is mainly for eMBB scenarios, including NSA (Non-Standalone, non-independent networking) and SA (Standalone, independent networking). The independent networking standard is to use 5G NR and 5G core network, which will be completed in June 2018; the second is Release16, which will be completed in December 2019, mainly for the two scenarios of uRLLC and mMTC.
Looking forward to 2018, the global industrial chain will further focus on the 3GPP 5G NR standard, continue to invest in product development, accelerate the process of 5G commercial deployment, and realize the grand blueprint for the perception of everything in the 5G era, the interconnection of all things, and the intelligence of all things.
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